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Without fundamental simple definitions, all other tedious work is done in vain.
A Base is essential for clarity in developing possible pathways to application
constructions. Knowledge without practicality remains in the fantasies of man.
Sadly, our unity is divided where ignorant arguing leaves us empty attacking
both truth and deceptions. Can we unite in understanding?
~ Working to improve the lives of all ~

		Transmission Control Protocol        User Datagram Protocol
Well-known (system) ports = 0 to 1,023   Registered (User) ports = 1,024 to 49,151      Dynamic (Private) ports = 49,152 to 65,535         (Private) A connection between two computers uses a socket. A socket is the combination of IP address plus port. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)		TCP UDP Reliable Unreliable Connection-oriented Connectionless Segment retransmission and flow control through windowing (Slider acknowledgment) No windowing or retransmission Segment sequencing No sequencing   Acknowledge segments     No acknowledgement

All ports support TCP/UDP protocols. Sometimes Protocols use two ports, one for control configuration
and one for data transfer.   In some instances, control and transfer are conveyed on the same port.
Application specific as to TCP or UDP implementation, i.e. – (Port 7) Ping=UDP, Traceroute=TCP

PORTS

= Noteworthy

= File Transfer

= Encrypted/SSL

= Email

= Remote Access

PORT	SERVICE	DESCRIPTION		TCP	UDP	SCTP	NOTES
7	ECHO	Echo		TCP	UDP		Server sends back an identical copy of the data it received
20,21	FTP	File Transport Protocol  ⦁ 20 for data transfer  ⦁ 21 for control commands		TCP	UDP	SCTP	Provides the ability to easily relocate files from one system to another
22	SSH	Secure Shell		TCP	UDP	SCTP	Uses a cryptographic (encrypted) protocols operating securely over an unsecured network in a client-server architecture
	SFTP	Secure File		TCP		SCTP
	SCP	Secure Copy		TCP	UDP	SCTP
23	Telnet	Telnet protocol - unencrypted text communications		TCP	UDP		Connect to routers (TCP); designed to provide a bi- directional connection with other devices (UDP)
25	SMTP	Simple Mail Transport Protocol		TCP			Mail relay - used for sending email " Sending Mail To People "
37	Time	Provides remote timing stat’s of internal processing events		TCP	UDP		Security Concerns: Gives remote attacker info on host’s internal processing load
43	WhoIs	WHOIS directory service		TCP	UDP		nicname
47	GRE	Generic Routing Encapsulation		?	UDP		Cisco tunneling protocol encapsulating protocols inside virtual point-to-point links over an IP network
49	TACACS	Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System		TCP	UDP		Login Host protocol (AAA)
	TACACS+	Encrypts the full content of each packet		TCP			TACACS+ and RADIUS have generally replaced TACACS (AAA) Proprietary - CISCO
53	DNS	Domain Name System		TCP	UDP		Dangerous poisoning - attacks TCP for Zone Transfers - UDP for Queries
67	DHCP	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (BOOTPS) - server ~ issues lease times/reservations		TCP	UDP		Issues automatic IP services; Uses DORA = Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge ~ If DHCP unavailable, Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) used - 169.254.x.y
68	DHCP	(BOOTPC) - client			UDP
69	TFTP	Trivial File Transport Protocol			UDP		File transfer without the session establishment
80	HTTP	Hypertext Transfer Protocol		TCP		SCTP	Main protocol that is used by web browsers
88	KERBEROS	A three-headed dog who guarded the gates of Hades. Represents a client, a server, and a Key		TCP	UDP		Authenticating agent, time stamped. Uses secret-key asymmetric cryptography to authenticate client-server applications.
110	POP3	Post Office Protocol version 3   - Used for recieving email		TCP			Basic email retrieval; Make sure to set "save on server," - not default setting, - deletes off server once downloaded WARNING: Does not sync email
119	NNTP	Network News Transfer Protocol		TCP	UDP		For the USENET discussion system
123	NTP	Network Time Protocol			UDP		Synchronized down to the milisecond with U.S. Naval Observatory clocks
135	NETBIOS	Network Basic Input/Output System		TCP			Naming service. Allows applications on different computers to communicate within a local area network (LAN) Predecessor to SSL TCP
137	NETBIOS	Network Basic Input/Output System		TCP	UDP
138		(NetBIOS) datagram service		TCP	UDP
139		NetBIOS session service		TCP
143	IMAP4	Internet message access protocol ver. 4		TCP			Recieving email - Multiple client use; Syncs email and folders with your computer, saves files on server
156	SQL Server	sqlsrv		TCP	UDP		SQL Service
161	SNMP	Simple Network Management Protocol    SNMPv3 - 1st to encyrpt    (CIA) Confidentiality/Integrity/Authentication			UDP		Monitors information to best change device behavior; cable modems, routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, etc., uptime, model #, insecure by default
162	SNMP Trap	Simple Network Management Protocol Trap		TCP	UDP		Collection of informantion Triggers alerts when thresholds are met
194	IRC	Internet Relay Chat		TCP			Designed for group communication in discussion forums, called channels
201	Apple Talk	AppleTalk Routing Maintenance		TCP	UDP		X
389	LDAP	Lightweight Directory Access Protocol		TCP	UDP		Remote connections, accesses and maintains distributed hierachical directory information
427	SLP	Service Location Protocol		TCP	UDP		Application = svrloc
443	HTTPS	Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure		TCP		SCTP	Uses SSL, Secure Sockets Layer encryption
	SSL VPN	Secure Sockets Layer virtual private network		TCP		SCTP	Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) - Uses SSL/TLS
445	SMB	Service Message Block		TCP			Microsoft-DS Over TCP/IP - Printers CIFS (Common Internet File System) - Sent directly (NetBIOS-less)
464	KPASSWD	Kerberos password and key changing services		TCP	UDP		X
465	SMTPS	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Secured		TCP	UDP		SMTP over SSL - should no longer be used
500	IPSEC	IP Security		TCP	UDP		ISAKMP / IKEv2 - (Internet Key Exchange)
514	SYSLOG	Standard for message logging			UDP		Capture all IDs logs
520	RIP	Routing Information Protocol			UDP		Used to advertise routing information among routers and communicate optimal paths
546	DHCPv6	DHCPv6 - client		TCP	UDP		Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
547	DHCPv6	DHCPv6 - server		TCP	UDP
548	AFP	Apple Filing Protocol		TCP	UDP		AFP over TCP
569	MSN	ms-rome		TCP	UDP		Microsoft Rome Game Port
587	SMTPS	Message Submission		TCP	UDP		Default Mail Message Submission Agent (MSA) Uses TLS encryption
636	LDAPS	Secure LDAP		TCP	UDP		LDAP over SSL
989,990	FTPS	⦁ 989 = (data) over TLS/SSL  ⦁ 990 = (control) over TLS/SSL		TCP	UDP		over SSL or TLS
992	TELNETS	Bi-directional communications, Secured		TCP	UDP		End-to-end communications after SSL/TLS is set up; user's data sent bi-directionally
993	IMAPS	Internet Message Access Protocol Secured		TCP	UDP		Encypted over SSL/TLS
995	POP3S	Connect using POP3 securely		TCP			Over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) -TLS
1433	MS SQL	Microsoft Structured Query Language		TCP			Standard for database manipulation
1434	MS SQL	Microsoft Structured Query Language			UDP
500? 1701 4500?	L2TP	Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol			UDP		Requires public key/utilizes IPSec May be blocked by NAT
1720	H.323	H.323 call setup		TCP	UDP		Voice over IP (VoIP) signaling, one of the earliest used
1723	PPTP	Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol		TCP	UDP		One of the oldest VPN protocals - Does not use certificates
1812	RADIUS	1812 = Authentication   Remote Authentication Dial-in User   Service ~ Encrypts only the password 1813 = Accounting			UDP		Old technology, AAA dial up for Authentication Authorize Accounting
1813	RADIUS-ACCT				UDP
2049	NFS	Network File System		TCP	UDP	SCTP	Used by UNIX clients for file access
2427	MGCP	Media Gateway Control Protocol		TCP	UDP		VoIP used for phone calls
2727	MGCP	Media Gateway Control Protocol		TCP	UDP		Callagent
3260	iSCSI	Internet Small Computer Systems Interface					Used to connect to SANs storage
3389	RDP	Remote Desktop Protocol		TCP			Remote Desktop
5004	RTP	Real-Time Transport Protocol			UDP	dccp	VoIP and/or video apps
5005	RTP	RTP control Protocol		TCP	UDP	dccp	VoIP and/or video apps
5060	SIP	Session Initiation Protocol			UDP	SCTP	VoIP and/or video apps unencrypted signaling traffic (RTP)
5061	SIP	Session Initiation Protocol			UDP	SCTP	VoIP and/or video apps encrypted traffic (SRTP)
5900	VNC	Virtual Network Computing		TCP	?		Client/server graphical desktop sharing system that uses the Remote Frame Buffer protocol (RFB) to remotely control another computer
9100	JETDIRECT	Allows computer printers to be directly attached to a LAN		TCP	UDP		Printer on HP network printing service
33434	Traceroute	Traceroute network tracking tool		TCP	UDP
33435	Traceroute	Mtrace-multicast traceroute			UDP
X	X	X		X	X	X	X

Common Network Ports - Professor Messer       PowerCert Port Forwarding Video

Iana.org - Port Number Assignments       VPN Ports & Port Forwarding

Common Ports - MIT      Common Ports Flash Cards      Memorize Ports

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IPv4 Help Area

0.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 = 4.3 billion possible IPv4 addresses

MAC addresses are only valid within a subnet
IP addresses are used to communicate between subnets

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Subnetting ITFree - IPv4 Pubic & Private Addresses - Private vs Public IP Addresses

Sunny Simplest Subnetting Video - Special and private IPv4 addresses - Sunny's IPv4 Videos

Professor Messer IPv4 Adresses - Classful Subnetting - IPv4 Subnet Masks - 7 Second Subnetting

Subnet-able   Class A = 1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255     Class B = 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255     Class C = 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255     Class D = 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255     Class E = 240.0.0.0 – 254.255.255.255      Default subnet Mask              255.0.0.0           255.255.0.0           255.255.255.0 R E F E R E N C E 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 /8 /9 /10 /11 /12 /13 /14 /15 /16 /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24 /25 /25 /27 /28 /29 /30 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255   ← Interval – Block Size   CIDR Notation   ← IP Octet decimal value                 (subnet mask) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

20 = 1   21 = 2   22 = 4   23 = 8   24 = 16   25 = 32   26 = 64   27 = 128   28 = 256   29 = 512 210 = 1,024 211 = 2,048 212 = 4,096 213 = 8,192 214 = 16,384 215 = 32,768 216 = 65,536

2a = # of Network subnets    a = # of usable "on" bits (1s)

Calculate # of usable hosts 2x - 2 = # of assignable hosts            x = # of "off" bits (0s)

CIDR = Classless Inter-Domain Routing - also known as supernetting
Classful Addressing = Five address classes based on the leading four address bits

Byte 1  8 Bits  Byte 2  8 Bits  Byte 3  8 Bits  Byte 4  8 Bits CIDR Class A →  Network Host Host Host 255 11111111 . 0 00000000 . 0 00000000 . 0 00000000    /8   Network Network Host Host 255 11111111 . 255 11111111 . 0 00000000 . 0 00000000   /16   Network Network Network Host 255 11111111 . 255 11111111 . 255 11111111 . 0 00000000   /24   Class B →  Class C →

*IP addresses that begin with 0 or 127 are reserved for other functions

Tricks to five classes of IPv4                                                                                    

Class	Purpose	1ST Octet Range	Start / End Address	Number of Networks	Hosts / Network	CIDR
Class A →	Very Large Networks	1–126	1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255	128	16,777,216	/8
Class B →	Large Enterprise	128–191	128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255	16,384	65,536	/16
Class C →	Small Business	192–223	192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255	2,097,152	256	/24
Class D →	Multicast	224–239	224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255	IGRP Protocols		N/A
Class E →	Experimental	240–255	240.0.0.0 – 254.255.255.255	Reserved		N/A

A	B	C	D	E
┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━┻━━━━┛
0	128	192	224	240    255

Classless addressing - subnets by borrowing bits to increase/decrease amount of networks/hosts
⭢ VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masks)

Private IP Address   – Non-routable on Internet  (RFC 1918) Class Address Range Purpose Class A 0.0.0.0 – 0.255.255.255 Reserved - Default route 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 Class A Private Subnets 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 Loopback testing Block Class B 169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255 APIPA - when DHCP fails 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 Class B Private Subnets Class C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 Class C Private Subnets		IP Host Addresses Off Bits Subnet Mask CIDR Octet 1 0 255.255.255.255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 /32 No Network 2 1 255.255.255.254 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110 /31 4 4 2 255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30 8 3 255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29 16 4 255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28 32 5 255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27 64 6 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26 128 7 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25 256 8 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24 512 9 255.255.254.0 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 /23 3 1,024 10 255.255.252.0 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 /22 2,048 11 255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000 /21 4,096 12 255.255.240.0 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 /20 8,192 13 255.255.224.0 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 /19 16,384 14 255.255.192.0 11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 /18 32,768 15 255.255.128.0 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000 /17 65,536 16 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16 131,072 17 255.254.0.0 11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000 /15 2 262,144 18 255.252.0.0 11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000 /14 524,288 19 255.248.0.0 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000 /13 1,048,576 20 255.240.0.0 11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000 /12 2,097,152 21 255.224.0.0 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 /11 4,194,304 22 255.192.0.0 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 /10 8,388,608 23 255.128.0.0 11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000 /9 16,777,216 24 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8 33,554,432 25 254.0.0.0 11111110.00000000.00000000.00000000 /7 1 67,108,864 26 252.0.0.0 11111100.00000000.00000000.00000000 /6 134,217,728 27 248.0.0.0 11111000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /5 268,435,456 28 240.0.0.0 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /4 536,870,912 29 224.0.0.0 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /3 1,073,741,824 30 192.0.0.0 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /2 2,147,483,648 31 128.0.0.0 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /1 4,294,967,296 32 0.0.0.0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 /0
Valid Subnet Mask Values:               R E F E R E N C E Subnet Mask Octet Bit Position Added Networks Hosts / Network 128 10000000 2 126 192 11000000 4 62 224 11100000 8 30 240 11110000 16 14 248 11111000 32 6 252 11111100 64 2
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⭦                     ↑                     ⭧ ← IPv4 Address Space (4,294,967,296 Addresses) → IPv6 Addresses   (340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456   Addresses) ⭩                     ↓                     ⭨

Professor Messer IPv4 Subnetting Speed Tables

Masks					Networks	Addresses
/1	/9	/17	/25	128	2	128
/2	/10	/18	/26	192	4	64
/3	/11	/19	/27	224	8	32
/4	/12	/20	/28	240	16	16
/5	/13	/21	/29	248	32	8
/6	/14	/22	/30	252	64	4
/7	/15	/23	/31	254	128	2
/8	/16	/24	/32	255	256	1

⭩                      Professor Messer - 7 Second Subnetting                     ⭨

Address
128	0																																128
64	0																64																128																192
32	0								32								64								96								128								160								192								224
16	0				16				32				48				64				80				96				112				128				144				160				176				192				208				224				240
8	0		8		16		24		32		40		48		56		64		72		80		88		96		104		112		120		128		136		144		152		160		168		176		184		192		200		208		216		224		232		240		248
4	0	4	8	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	100	104	108	112	116	120	124	128	132	136	140	144	148	152	156	160	164	168	172	176	180	184	188	192	196	200	204	208	212	216	220	224	228	232	236	240	244	248

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PowerCert IPv4 vs IPv6     TechQuickie IPv4 vs IPv6     Address Types IPv6

Professor Messer - IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing     Assigning IPv6 Addresses

IPv6 Subnet Masks     Configuring IPv6     IPv6 Address Types

How DHCPv6 works?     IPv6 address classification


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IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (32 hex characters) 2001 : 0DB8 : 0100 : 1111 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0001 Global Route Prefix Subnet ID Interface Identifier 2001 ←⎼→ 16 bits  :  0DB8 ←⎼→ 16 bits  :  0100 ←⎼→ 16 bits  :  1111 ←⎼→ 16 bits  :  0000 ←⎼→ 16 bits  :  0000 ←⎼→ 16 bits  :  0000 ←⎼→ 16 bits  :  0001 ←⎼→ 16 bits Network Portion Host Portion
	⭣
	0000   :   0000   :   0000   :   0001
Extended Unique Identifier        EUI-48 = MAC Address        EUI-64 = Static IPv6 Host address        EUI-48 = 8c:2d:aa:4b:98:a7   ⇢                        ┣━━━━━━━━━━┫  ┣━━━━━━━━━━┫                         (manufacturer)      LAN Identifier                                     (OUI)            (serial number) EUI-64 =	⭣ ____   :   __FF   :   FE__   :   ____ ⭣ 8c2d   :   aaFF   :   FE4b   :   98a7 ⭦ Seventh bit has to change in EUI-64   ⭣ 8e2d   :   aaFF   :   FE4b   :   98a7
⇙ FE80:0000:0000:0000:8e2d:aaFF:FE:4b:98a7 ⭣ FE80::8e2d:aaFF:FE:4b:98a7 ┗━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛ Link Local Address or Global Unicast Address ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ 2001:0DB8:0100:1111:8c2d:aaFF:FE4b:98a7	Flipping the 7th bit reference:  ⮎ 0 ⮌      ⮎ 1 ⮌  2 3                                                               ⮎ 4 ⮌      ⮎ 5 ⮌  6 7                                                               ⮎ 8 ⮌      ⮎ 9 ⮌  A B                                                               ⮎ C ⮌      ⮎ D ⮌  E F

IPv4/IPv6 Comparisons Situation IPv4 IPv6 Date of Origin 1974 1998 Length in bits 32 128 Number of Addresses 232 = 4,294,967,296 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938, 463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 Address Format Dotted Decimal 192.168.100.1 Hexadecimal Notation 2001:0DB8::4:AB:123:4567:8901:AD Dynamic Addressing DHCP SLAAC / DHCPv6 IPSec Optional Mandatory Header Length Variable Fixed Minimal Packet Size 576 bytes 1280 bytes

IPv4/IPv6 Special Addresses Address Type IPv4 IPv6 Default Route 0.0.0.0/0 ::/0 Unspecified 0.0.0.0/32 ::/128 Loopback 127.0.0.1/8 ::1/128 Multicast 224.0.0.0/8 FF00::/8 Link Local 169.254.0.0/16 FE80::/10 Global Unicast N/A 2000::/3 Unique Local 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16 FC00::/7 Documentation 192.0.2.0/24 198.51.100.0/24 203.0.113.0/24 2001:DB8::/32

IPv6   ADDRESSING   ┃ ┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓ ┃                                                    ┃                                                    ┃    Unicast                                     Multicast                                     Anycast      ┃                                                      ┃                                                          ┃                                     ┏━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━━━━━┓                                    ┃                                     ┃                                  ┃                                       ┃    ┃    ┃    ┃    ┃                       Assigned   FF00::/8           Solicited Node       FF02::1:FF00:0000/104      FF02::2 = all local routers                ┃                                                                                                               ┏━━━━━━━━━━━┻━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓         ┃                          ┃                            ┃                                ┃                           ┃                            ┃          Global   Unicast   2000::/3 3FFF::/3       Link-Local   FE80::/10 FEBF::/10       Loopback   ::1/128       Unspecified   ::/128       Unique   Local FC00::/7 FDFF::/7       IPv4 Embedded   & Compatible ::/80   ~   ::/96 80 bits | 16 | 32 bits

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Solicited Nodes Multicast Group in IPv6

IPv6 Protocol

Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)        Neighbor MAC Discovery = Replaces IPv4 ARP        SLAAC = Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (≈ DHCP)        DAD = Duplicate Address Detection        RS = Router Solicitation ‒⮞ FF02::2        RA = Router Advertisement ⮜‒ FE80::(MAC)        NS= Neighbor Solicitation ‒⮞ 2001:88::(request for MAC)        NA= Neighbor Advertisment ⮜‒ 2001:88::(returns MAC)

IPv6 - Neighbor Discovery Protocol     IPv6- Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)


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Who holds all numbers

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